Chemical Reaction Sample Essays - Laboratory Equipment, Fire

Chemical Reaction Sample I Purpose: Observe chemical reactions and ID reactants and products of the reactions. Classify the reactions and write balanced Equations. II Theoretical Background: A chemical reaction is a what happens to components that causes a physical change. III Hypothesis: You can determine a chemical rxn by the physical change that takes place. IV (A) Equipment: Burner, wood splints, crucible tongs, microspatula, test tubes 7, test tube holder, test tube rack, sandpaper, evaporating dish, safety goggles, lab apron or coat. (B) Material: Zn, Cu, Mg, CuCO3, HCl, CuSO4, Zn(C2H3O2)2, Na3PO4,Na2SO3. V Procedure: 1. Use Sandpaper to clean the Cu. 2. Hold the Cu with the crucible tongs in the hotest part of the flame for about 2 minutes. Note the change in the Cu. 3. Put an evaporating dish near the base of the burner, and with crucible tongs put a piece of Mg in the flame and do not look at the flame. 4. Place 2 heaping microspatulas of CuCO3 in a test tube. note appearance. 5. Put test tube over the flame for 3 minutes and CO2 will now be present. 6. Put HCl and Zn in a test tube. Note changes. 7. Hold a test tube over the test tube with the HCl and the Zn. After thirty seconds put a burning wood splint in the test tube, a pop will indicate the presence of hydrogen gas. 8. Add about 5ml of CuSO4 in a clean new test tube. Put a piece of Zn in the solution . Note appearance of solution before and after Zn is in the tube. 9. Add 2ml of (Zn(C2H3O2)2) to a new test tube. Then add about 2ml of Na2PO3 to the test tube. Observe Changes. 10. Add about 5ml of Na2SO3 to a new test tube. Then add about 1ml of 6 M HCl. Smell, but not directly. VI Observations: On step two the copper turned black when in the flame. After the Mg would flared in the fire, the Mg turned to ashes. The CuCO3 was a white powder, and after it was in the flame CO2 was present and the CuCO3 turned black. the Zn and HCl started to bubble and their was a pop indicating Hydrogen gas. The Zinc turned black and the clear CuSO4 became green. The (Zn(C2H3O2)2), and the Na2PO3 became mirky white. In closing I could not Smell the Na2SO3, and the HCl. VIII Chemical Reaction: Their were many Chemical Rxn in this lab and are stated in the observations.

How to Write Brilliant Research Papers on Dramatic Arts

How to Write Brilliant Research Papers on Dramatic Arts A research paper might just be what you need to fully appreciate the dramatic arts. It may be demanding and even quite intimidating to start but the end is worth it, particularly if you write a brilliant paper that gets you a distinction! Detailed research is a key factor in writing a brilliant paper, and of course, go for topics that mean something to you. After all, if you are not convinced about a topic, you wont be able to convince others. Are you ready to write that brilliant paper? Get your thinking caps on, toll your sleeves and using this article as a film theatre studies research paper guide, start writing immediately. All the best! What is a Research Paper on Dramatic Arts? A research paper is an academic writing that presents a critical analysis of a writer’s argument or perspective on a topic. It is an expanded essay that backs up arguments with research, information and verifiable proof. A research paper goes beyond writing based on personal opinion and beliefs, it is analytical, critical and based on strong detailed research. The aim of the research paper is to assess a students knowledge of the topic, improve the perception of the topic and make new discoveries through research. Another useful aim of the research paper is to help the student make opinions, take sides and stand his ground. Dramatic arts as a discipline of film and theatre and studies has a wide menu of topics to research on. From history to drama techniques, drama movements to past dramatists, the list is wide. It shouldnt be hard choosing a topic to research on. As long as the topic means something to you and you are willing to invest the time and effort needed, you are on your way to writing a brilliant paper. Choosing the Right Topic Selecting the right topic is the first big step in writing a research paper, and it can make all the difference in writing a brilliant essay or a shabby one. The first criterion in choosing a topic is to select a topic that means something to you. Here are a few questions to guide you in the brainstorming process: What were your favorite topics during the course? What do you love about these topics? Do you think there are angles or perspectives to the topics you can expound on? Do you have enough resource material to write on these topics? Can you do detailed research in the set time frame? Are these topics too broad/ too complex? Are these topics dependable or controversial? Can you finish writing the paper on time? Are you able to meet the target word length if you were to write on such a topic? Note down your answers and arrange the topics in an ascending order, putting the topic with the highest number of positive answers at the top and the topic with the least number of positive answers at the bottom. Choose the topic that is most favorable to you. Topic Ideas for Research Papers on Dramatic Arts A sample of research topics include: History of African American Performance; Black Women Playwrights and the Stage; Contemporary American Drama; American Drama and Politics; Comedy in Contemporary Drama; Folklore, Legends and Mythology; Adolescent Education through Drama; Playwrights and Historical Reforms; Pre-Writing Tips Before writing your paper, you should first define the type of research paper you want to write. Are you writing an analytical research paper or an argumentative one? An analytical paper presents your point of views and opinions after conducting thorough research on a topic. In this type of paper, you present original ideas and deductions made after conducting detailed research. The aim of this paper is to inform and educate. In an argumentative paper, you pick a side on the issues raised from a topic and defend your decision with facts and verifiable information. The aim of this paper is to convince and probably woo your reader to your side. It is important you define your paper from the start. Doing so gives your research direction, saves you time and makes your writing clear and unambiguous. Define Your Thesis Statement Your thesis statement should be clear and concise. This is because your thesis statement acts as a base on which you will build your essay. Are you analyzing a point or defending it? Make it clear in your thesis statement. A shaky thesis makes a shabby research paper. Do Research Research makes up the bulk of the work of writing your essay, it also takes the chunk of your time. It is safer to start researching early and arranging your research findings systematically.   Also, it is easier to make a note of your references and keep a tab on them. This will make your bibliography and citation easier in the long run. Here are a few tips on how to research systematically: Start by discussing with your course teacher or research supervisor. His experience, knowledge, suggestions and advise can give you a start in the right direction. Next, discuss your topic with your colleagues or study mates. Their ideas and suggestions may inspire you to think outside of formal writing and write more creatively than you planned. Browse through journals, articles, essays, textbooks and other materials that discuss your topic. Newspaper clippings, social events, and field trips are added ways of getting fresh, informal material. Finally surf extensively on the Internet. The internet has an inexhaustible archive on just about any information. Dont just surf through journals and other forms of formal writing. Websites, blog posts, and social media are those unsought places to gather fresh material. First Draft Sketch an outline of your essay and build on it. Start by expounding on your ideas and opinions and use the information from your research to give it bulk. Dont bother about errors and disjointed sentences, keep writing and following your train of thought. You will definitely get somewhere. Title Page of Your Research Paper A title or cover page consists of: Your Name; Title; Class Name (teacher name optional); School; Date; Your contact information (phone, email, address). Your title can be a brief summary of your thesis statement, however way you want it, be sure to sure titles that clearly defined and portray your work. Avoid long overflowing sentences, the longer the sentences, the more your chances of making mistakes and probably boring your audience. Another tip is to use the major keywords of your essay to form a title. For example, if your essay is on Shakespeare and the effect of his plays on social reforms, a sample title can be: Effects of Drama on Society: Shakespeare and Social Reform. Write Your Research Paper in a Structured Way A good outline makes a framework for a brilliant paper. The more detailed the outline, the better. Remember that the outline is a flexible structure.   Dont hesitate to make changes when the need arises. A good research paper has an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Introduction The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. To leave a memorable impression, take time to construct an engaging introductory paragraph. The introduction usually has: A hook: like the name goes, a hook or the hook, if you may, is the introductory paragraph that gets your readers attention. A hook is provoking and persuasive and encourages the reader to keep reading. There are some techniques used to write a good hook: Thesis statement: the introduction also contains your thesis statement, which is that idea you wish to build on. You may plan to defend your thesis statement or analyze it, whichever angle you come at it, make sure your thesis statement is concise and unambiguous. Body The body of the essay makes the bulk of your research paper. The quantity of the paragraphs depends on the information available and the required length of the paper. The more information and research results you have, the bigger the body of the essay, which is very rewarding for those who spend time and effort to do thorough research. Here are a few tips on writing a brilliant body. Usually, the first paragraph of the body is a continuation of the introduction. This paragraph usually supports the introduction by expounding on facts and delving deeper into detail. In the first paragraph, put your best point forward, to keep your reader engaged. Let subsequent paragraphs flow logically and in a stepwise manner, building on the thesis statement. Dont be tempted to write for the sake of writing, or for the sake of filling the pages. Let every paragraph earn its place on your paper. Dont be tempted to write facts and statements you cant verify or justify. Lies, exaggerations, rumors and hearsay blemish the credibility of a research paper. The style and tone of your writing should be uniform throughout your paper. Uniformity makes your work professional and easy to read. If you are writing an argumentative essay, then stick to the techniques and tone of an argumentative essay. Likewise, if you are writing an arithmetic essay, stick to the techniques and tone of an analytical essay. Dont hop from one style to the other. Conclusion The conclusion makes an apt summary of the essay by reinforcing the key points of the essay. You should aim to land properly in your essay. You can do so by following these steps: Summarise arguments/analysis this section should be brief but concisely contain the major highlights of your essay. Are you arguing a point, reinforce your arguments? Are you analyzing an idea? Briefly summarise the findings of your analysis. Call to action in this section, you write on the importance of your essay. Perhaps your research revealed a problem, suggest solutions to the problem. The aim of this section is to provoke your readers to discussion, action and further research. In this section, the teacher evaluates your knowledge, appreciation, and application of the topic to real issues. You also let the teacher know that your research is more than just theories, but also discussing pragmatic choices for better living. Post-Writing Tips Editing/ Rewriting every good writing goes through a lot of Rewriting. The more you rewrite the more you refine your ideas and thought to process. There are better ways of making a point and Rewriting make those alternate ways better. To write a brilliant paper, you probably have to rewrite your essay at least twice. Which is why it is advisable to start your writing early to beat time. There are some students who dont make the effort to rewrite their papers. Be rest assured that the effort pays in the end. Rewriting can just be the difference between a distinction paper and a pass paper! Proofreading give your work to a fresh pair of eyes for evaluation. Grammar errors, misspellings, and punctuation mistakes are easily noticed when you do so. Also proofread for improper citations and references. Be sure to keep track of all citations and references, give credit to the owners of works you used for research and be mindful of dabbling into plagiarism. Formatting format your paper according to the specifications made by your teacher. Whatever the citation style, whether an APA (American Psychological Association) or MLA (Modern Language Association) or Chicago referencing format, be sure to follow the teachers specifications. A Few Ideas on How to Start a New Paragraph: Tips from Our Experts You can open a paragraph with rhetoric. For example, starting a sentence with something like this is likely to get your readers attention are female dramatists less professional than their male counterparts? Another tip is to start your paragraph with a profound memorable fact. For example, ‘Charlie Chaplin made his first professional debut when he was eight.’ You can also create a brilliant hook by using statistics and figures to leave an impression. Another tip will be to start your paragraph with a memorable anecdote or quote.

Management Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Accounting - Research Paper Example In a case where the building is not being utilized, the cost which is $9000 will be paid. Explanation: The variable unit cost (unit cost of hamburgers) remains the same even if the number of units sold change. However the total cost increases as the increased number units is multiplied by the unit cost. On the other hand the unit fixed cost and total fixed cost (building rent) remains the same since its cost is not dependent on the number of units sold therefore all the cost has to be paid for the rent. Financial accounting illustrates the performance of a business over specific periods (usually at the end of an accounting year). They are directed towards external users of accounting information such as investors and creditors. These accounts typically present a historic view on the financial performance of the business [1] Management accounting is used by the management to record, plan and control the activities of a business and to help in taking decisions. They can be made for any period or accounting year. It provides information for internal users like the employees, managers, and executives of the company. Management accounts largely focus on analyzing historical performance to give budgets and forecasts for the future. [1] GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) and Accounting Standards are followed in financial accounting while in managerial accounting there are no legal requirements to prepare management accounts. [2] Reporting Format In management accounting confidential financial reports are prepared for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. Specific accounting formulas and equations are used to reach to these reports. Such reports may include: Sales Forecasting reports; Budget analysis and comparative analysis; Feasibility studies; Merger and consolidation reports While on the other hand financial accounting helps prepare financial reports, that include the basic reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Both internal and external users can view these reports. [2] Time Period of Information Managerial Accounting gives the management those reports that are future-oriented, while Financial Accounting give reports based on historical information to use statistical methods to reach at future values. [2] Detail of Information The details from financial accounts provide information on the business as one unit rather than analyzing the different elements of the business. [2] The management accounts focus on specific areas of the activities performed by the business such as information about its products, the different locations of business or the information about the departments. [2] Nature of Information The nature of information provided by financial accounts is mostly monetary. While management accou

Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Financial Management - Assignment Example In this research we analyzed how the company could revive its position with the growth rate of 20% in revenues and would be the future impact of investment decisions and losses made at Kuwait by the company1. Research Methodology The research employs secondary research methodology for analyzing data and reaching conclusions. High emphasis had been laid on studying the annual statements of the company, e-journals, financial books and magazines. Organizational Background Industry Background The market research industry has grown globally into a number of areas and sectors including financial research, business research and marketing research. Companies like Grail Research, Global Insight and ICRA are one of the top most companies in this field globally. Companies with the help of innovative and latest technologies along with the use of various business tools, come up with results that are practical and profitable for many other companies. Also companies in this industry employ various pricing and differential strategies to be ahead of competition2. Company Information Synovate FZ-LLC is a market research consultancy in Dubai. It is a free zone company registered with limited liability pursuant to regulations issues by Dubai Government and Media Free Zone Private Regulations, 2003. The company current has revenues of AED 27.24 million with net loss of AED -5.4 million in 2008. The company is also having going concern issues currently. This is primarily due to negative equity of AED 6.6 million of the company along with the operating losses described above. The product and services of the company are basically related to industry research. The company has offices in over 60 countries and operates as a global brand in global market research firm3. Mission The mission of Synovate FZ-LLC is to showcase how market research is deriving changes in an enterprise, the market place as well as the society. Services As discussed earlier the company is into marketing research. The product and services of the company are basically related to industry research. The company has offices in over 60 countries and operates as a global brand in global market research firm. The company researches various companies, sector and industry for new investment opportunities of for some other specified reason. My Role I worked with Synovate FZ-LLC as a sales executive and I am in direct contact with the management team of the company and have thereby utilized my knowledge, experience and relationship for building this proposal. Financial Management The objectives of financial management are to maximise owners wealth by â€Å"Planning, directing, monitoring, organizing, and controlling of the monetary resources of an organization†4. To achieve the above definition, financial management involves the following: 1. Financial Planning and control: how the resources will be managed effectively in order to achieve the financial objectives. 2. Managing of working capital: managing day to day operations, this includes managing current assets components: Cash and

United States Armed Forces Essay Example for Free

United States Armed Forces Essay The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States of America. They are composed of the Army, Air Force, Coast Guard, Navy, and the Marine Corps. Each branch plays a unique role in the security of America. Whether the country is participating in a conflict or developing the weapons of tomorrow, the freedom of America is protected by these branches. The Army, Navy, and Air Force represent the largest of the five branches, each having their own department in the Department of Defense. While they all work together to some extent, their purposes can be very different. The United States Army is the oldest branch of the military. It was established 14 June 1775. The Army is the largest branch of all the branches with over 550,000 active duty personnel. The Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. military. The Army does however operate aviation units of both fixed-wing and rotary wing aircraft, the majority of service members are land forces. The primary mission of the Army is to fight and win our Nation’s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders. (1). The land forces of the Army are led by members of the infantry. Infantry is more physically demanding than other jobs in the Army, and places a greater emphasis on discipline, fitness, physical strength and aggression. The infantry is a weapon system in its self. It is the backbone of the Army. Infantry experience the highest number of casualties during any conflict because of the constant requirement of being face to face with the enemy. The United States Air Force is the most recent branch of the military. It was officially established on 18 September 1947. Before this the USAF was known as the U. S. Army Air Forces. It was operated and maintained by the Army during World War II until the National Security Act of 1947 which formed the modern day air force. The USAF is the most technologically sophisticated air force in the world. The main purpose of the USAF is to support the security of the United States through air and space exploration. The USAF supports national policies and objectives; and overcomes any nation esponsible for aggressive acts that endangers the peace and security of the United States. It is the main supporter of ground forces by providing air support during missions. The USAF does this by maintaining and operating over 5,500 staffed aircraft. The USAF is responsible for servicing and maintaining over 2,000 of the nations cruise missiles and the 450 intercontinental ballistic missiles also known as ICBM. The United States Navy was established on 13 October 1775. The Navy maintains, equips, and trains combat-ready Naval forces. These forces are capable of winning wars, discouraging aggression, and maintaining America’s freedom at the seas. The Navy has the world’s largest carrier fleet, with 11 active aircraft carriers. The USN is the largest fleet in the world; operating over 280 ships and some 3,600 aircraft. The USN maintains not only ships and submarines, but also naval aviation, including land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations and all air weapons. While those serving in the Navy do operate on land, their main mission is on the seas. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, and techniques have allowed the Navy to conquer multiple conflicts including World War II and the Cold War. The Navy is a main supporter of the Air Force, providing them with carriers for transporting and landing aircraft at sea. This extends the Air Force’s reach well beyond land bases. With Earth being over 70 percent water, the Navy is one of the most important branches of the modern day military. While the branches differ from each other, they come together to accomplish extraordinary goals. Whether it is fighting for freedom in the Revolutionary War, or fighting an unknown enemy in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, the United States Armed Forces are there to answer the call of duty. Through an entire volunteer force and superior technology they triumph any enemy that stands in their way. The United States of America was forged by the bravery from the men and women who have served in the U. S. Armed Forces. The Army, Air Force, and Navy provide a blanket of freedom for all Americans to enjoy.

Power Shifts In Intergovernmental Relations: A Result Of Fiscal Feder

Power Shifts in Intergovernmental Relations: A Result of Fiscal Federalism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiscal federalism is the result of the states' dependence on the national government for funds. Until 1913, the national government had minimal monetary resources, thus possessing little control over the affairs of the states. Once effected, the Sixteenth Amendment resulted in the amassing of government funds on the national level. This reserve of money enabled the national government to initiate a multitude of national programs--such as the interstate highway--as well as provide grants to the states. It is primarily through these grants that the national government can exert influence over state affairs; for, by designating restrictions in the distribution of these grants, the national government can compel states and localities to make or alter policies and legislation in accordance with its agenda. The manner in which the national government has wielded the influence of money throughout the history of the nation has continually altered intergovernmental relations. Since the Depression, fiscal federalism has caused the national government to dominate the states; recently, however, reforms have begun to return power to the states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policies and precedents of the New Deal centralized power in the national government. To remedy the devastation of the Great Depression, it assumed a more direct and prevalent role in the lives of the people. Con...

General Psychology and the Study of Human Behavior Essay

Psychology is the study of the human behavior especially how the mind of the human beings works. For many years, the behavior of human beings has been studied by very many scholars and they have come up with very many reasons as to why people behave in such a manner. However, as a student my main ambition is to become a drug and alcohol counselor. Therefore, this class of general psychology has helped me in building my career very much due to the course content value. Variation is one of the most obvious characteristics of human behavior. An individual’s every day life is marked by an expansive fluctuation in almost every aspect of behavior such as the intelligence he exudes, the speed with which he moves, his expression of emotions, goals he pursues, humor, energy, anxiety, shyness, among others. Even the most intelligent of human individuals have ordinary thoughts most of the time as they too are confronted with the normal activities like choosing the right mode of dressing, brushing in the morning and carrying out normal transactions. There is sufficient evidence towards the fact that one of the most striking features of a child’s behavior is its dynamic aspect of the stream of behavior recorded continuously (Barker, 1968). Any individual with no knowledge of psychology comprehend this dimension of human variation from their observation and experience. However, this is not prominent in scientific psychology. The concern of scientific psychology is another dimension of behavior variability with emphasis on individual differences. This is a major step in psychology that despite the variations that occur within every individual’s behavior, the methods for measuring and identifying individual behavior constants have been devised. Scientific psychology’s concern is with the varied number of constants measured and how they relate with each other. There is however a difficulty in achieving a stable behavior measurement. For the stability of behavior measurement to be achieved, their must be an imposition of stable measurement upon the individual, land the same conditions must be reintroduced every time the measurement is being repeated. The employment of this method offers measures of individual constancies under certain conditions but terminates individual variations under varied conditions thereby destroying the such contexts of behavior that occur naturally. This problem is not however unique to psychology. A beam’s strength can be measured under given specific conditions and under this very condition each time the measurement is being carried out. However, depending on the structural context, a beam possesses many strengths. This is also true for the meaning of words since words too have a range of meaning, the actual one being determined by the context in which it has been used. With this regard, an individual is like a beam or a word, possessing many strengths, intelligences, moralities, speeds and social maturities. However, it is clear where this intra-individual behavior variation comes from. An individual’s behavior is both internally and externally connected, though in a very complicated way. The internal parts of an individual such as the neurons, hormones or muscles and the external context such as the class, field or the game he is playing has a complex connection. The psychological individual who reads a book, plays some game and walks on some road poses as an identifiable entity between the interior parts and the exterior contexts that are unstable, being linked to both the entities, yet profoundly separated from them. This separation emerges from the fact that the internal parts and the external contexts of an individual involves an entity that functions according to laws that are not the same as those that govern his behavior (Cromwell-Davis, 2008). Such things like the actions of the brain, contraction of muscles and the concentration of hormones are not psychological phenomena. With the current state of understanding, the operation of such phenomena involve laws that are not compatible with that of psychology. The same applies to the environment with which an individual operates. The school or class where an individual is a student, the library he studies and the road he walks operates according to laws that are foreign with regard to that govern his behavior as an individual. The external context involves what has been referred to as the molar ecological environment which includes those phenomena that occurs naturally outside an individuals skin with which his molar actions are incorporated but operate according to laws that are incompatible with those laws that dictates his molar behavior (Baker, 1965). There is a difference between the psychological and ecological environment. One of the interesting aspects of human behavior is the course it takes when different variables are introduced within the environment. In the study below, behavior of individual was observed with regard to the distance between them and other human subjects. Theory Statement An individual’s mode of behavior is dictated by the distance between him and other subjects. According to Adam Kendon, every human behavior is located (Kendon 1990, p. 210). Human behavior takes place within a given space which has objects and people upon which the behavior is directed. The space and what it contains on the other hand influences the behavior of an individual. The space occupied and maintained by an individual’s behavior can in this respect be termed as the transactional space. The transactional space between two individuals influences their behavior. Experiment In the following experiment, a study was conducted to investigate the extent to which transactional space influences the behavior of individuals in college. The investigator walked through the college in different areas where different activities were being carried out. The exercise took three hours and findings were recorded. The experiment was conducted in the campus park because of the diversity of activity and human interactions that takes place in it. Methodology Since the study involved the study of behavior in face to face interaction, a major problem encountered was how to define the structural units in which the subjects were organized. In particular, it became difficult to delineate the distinct units of interaction with regard to the organization of observable behavior into their components for analysis. However, the observations were made randomly with neither of the subjects aware of the experiments. As such, the experimenter walked from one point to another, looking at the group formation and identifying individuals who did not have any company. The behavior which was recorded included eye focus, body movement and the degree of engagement in a particular action. In particular, the reaction of the subjects were observed whenever the experimenter approached an individual or a group of individuals. In all the instances, the experimenter did not engage the subjects in any form of conversation. Observations and results Behavior of individuals was varied depending on the activity and whether one was alone or in groups. Among the individuals who were alone, there seemed to be an absorption with either something that was going on around them or an absorption with an activity that they were involved with. They also seemed to react whenever an individual came within three meters of their transactional space. Of the notable behaviors, five out of six subjects looked directly at the individual who came within three meters of their transactional space. Among groups of individuals, there was a variation in behavior with regard to the number. In a group of two, the subjects engaged in conversation with momentous eye contact. Whenever one passed within a distance of three meters, they all turned and depending on the behavior or gender of the individual, some responded with either greeting the individual or looked briefly and continued with their conversation. The latter instance was rare with groups of three or more. Discussion A behavior setting is composed of one or more standing patterns of behavior. There are numerous patterns of behavior that have been recognized such as a molar unit or group activity. This is a bounded pattern in holistic human behavior. It is thus a discrete behavioral unit with coordinates which are univocal within space and time. As such, a standing pattern of behavior cannot be said to be a character of the subjects involved but rather, it is a phenomenon outside the individual with unique characteristics which remain whenever there is an alteration of the participants. One apparent thing among the subjects observed is that their behavior with regard to reacting to an individual coming within their transactional space is dependent among various factors which may not be open to the experimenter as human behavior is derived from both external and internal conditions. As such, every observable behavior exhibited by an individual has various roots even though behavior can be predicted to some extent. The first thing that the course has helped to understand in relation to drug and alcohol is the different terms that are used when counseling a person. This are the general terms that are used when counseling a patient. For example, it is not good to use terms like â€Å"you are wrong,† â€Å"you do not know† or â€Å"you are foolish.† The course has helped to learn the new terms that I will be using like, â€Å"instead of saying you are wrong,† you can say, â€Å"that is another good reason.† Additionally, it has helped us to learn the tone of language that is to be used. When counseling a patient, one should always be calm and always be positive about what the patient is feeling and thinking. It is also in this unit of general psychology that we have learnt how very different people behave in the different ways. This is where the course has taught me why different people behave as they do and why they end up drinking. Stress is one factor that makes people to end up becoming alcoholic or turning into drugs. Additionally, drug abuse and alcoholism has also been known to be hereditary from the resent research studies that have been done by the different scholars. It is through this course that we have learnt the very many reasons as to why people behave in different ways and why they take drugs or alcohol. I have learnt the different forms of therapy that are used in counseling in this course. This is where the introduction to therapy is done. One way of helping a drug or an alcohol addict to stop the addiction is through therapy. Therapy is the solving of personal problems of a person that occurs daily. In therapy, talking with a trained professional is the method that is usually used to solve the different problems. Therefore, this unit of general psychology is helping me gain that knowledge and become a professional therapist in treating the different problems that different drug and alcohol addicts have. It is also in this lesson of general psychology that I have learned the intelligence of the human thinking. In the growth graph, since the time somebody is born, the brain usually undergoes several stages intelligence. For example, when somebody is at the age of the teenage the brain starts to develop the ability to solve problems in reality. This means that the thinking capacity has grown and the person is able to think critically as compared to the person was young. Therefore, this lesson has helped me understand the different stages of intelligence in the human beings, making it easy for me when it comes to counseling the different people. Motivation is another very important factor in counseling especially in the counseling of drug abusers and alcoholics. It is in this class where the subject of motivation is introduced and taught in detail to prepare the students as they go ahead with the studies of psychology. I have learnt the different methods that are used in motivating the different drug and alcohol addicts. This is very important because when counseling people who are drug or alcohol addicts, the people need to be motivated so that they can be able to quit easily without the need of turning back. Therefore, this lesson of general psychology has taught me a greater lesson in motivation and how it should be applied in the field of practice. This class of general psychology has taught me a great number of different personalities that different people tend have. It is important to note that there is no way that two people can have the same personality. According to this chapter, it is because of how the different kinds of people have very different thoughts from one another. For this reason, the study of this lesson has been a very influential topic in my career as a counselor of drug addicts and alcoholics In addition, this class has opened up my mind on the different perceptions that I always had about drunkards. When I had started this class, I had the wrong impression/perception of how the drug addicts and alcoholics behave. I thought that this people, are people who are just lazy in life and they only abuse drugs as an excuse to their many problems. However, this class of general psychology has changed my perception about the different drug addicts and alcoholics and it has given me an open mind, which is required by counselors when it comes to helping others during therapy. Lastly, this lesson has been able to introduce some of the topics that are very useful in the study of counseling, and they are going to be learnt deeply in other classes especially at the level of specialization. Additionally, it is this unit, which has helped me realize that people are not always drug addicts or alcoholics because they want to be, but it is because of the different behaviors that they exhibit, which are affected by external factors like stress. These external factors can drive somebody crazy leading to drug abuse or alcohol abuse. Therefore, this subject has introduced me into the topic of human behavior in relation to drug abuse, alcoholism and how the following problems can be solved by the use of counseling.